Method for introducing impurities and apparatus for introducing impurities

ABSTRACT

A method for introducing impurities includes a step for forming an amorphous layer at a surface of a semiconductor substrate, and a step for forming a shallow impurity-introducing layer at the semiconductor substrate which has been made amorphous, and an apparatus used therefore. Particularly, the step for forming the amorphous layer is a step for irradiating plasma to the surface of the semiconductor substrate, and the step for forming the shallow impurity-introducing layer is a step for introducing impurities into the surface which has been made amorphous.

This application is a continuation-in-part application of PCT International Application PCT/JP2004/001473.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method for introducing impurities in a manufacturing process of a semiconductor or the like.

BACKGROUND ART

On a surface of a solid substrate or a thin film, an oxide film, where atoms constituting the solid substrate are combined with atmospheric oxygen, or a film, where the atoms are terminated with hydrogen, is generally formed. The film is extremely thin and commonly not thicker than 1 nm. Conventionally, impurities have been physically introduced from above a film such as an oxide film by using a means such as ion implantation. In a word, energy is given to ions, which become impurities, by using an electric field or the like, and the impurities are introduced inside the solid substrate by irradiating the ions to the surface thereof.

Recently, according to miniaturization of devices, a technology for forming a shallow junction has been required. A low-energy ion implantation technique is considered as the conventional technology for forming the shallow junction. The low-energy ion implantation technique is a method for pulling ions out of an ion source with a certain high level of a voltage and decelerating them at a latter stage. This method has been devised for keeping a beam current value with a certain high level and implanting with low-energy. As a result of these devices, formation of a shallow impurity layer of approximately several 10 nm becomes possible, so that it is industrially adapted to a manufacturing process of a semiconductor.

A plasma-doping technique is considered as a notable technique in these years for forming a shallower junction. The plasma-doping technique is a technique for introducing impurities into a surface of an object to be processed (e.g., semiconductor substrate) by contacting plasma including desired particles with the surface of the object to be processed. Because plasma has low-energy of several 100V at the highest, it is suitable for forming a shallow junction, so that experiments for forming shallow junctions of over 10 nm to several 10 nm have been reported.

Further, current experiment achieving the shallowest P-type junction is disclosed in “Technical Digest of Symposium on VLSI Technology, Honolulu, p. 110 (2000)”. This describes a depth of a junction of 7 nm.

Still further, a vapor-phase doping method using a gas source is proposed in “(1) International Workshop on Junction Technology (IWJT), p. 19 (2000)”, “(2) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A16, p. 1, (1998)”, “(3) Silicon Technology No. 39 18^(th) Jun., 2002” or the like. This is a method capable of forming an impurity diffusion layer of P-type or N-type by heating a semiconductor substrate at a hydrogen atmosphere with an ordinary pressure and supplying B₂H₆ or PH₃. Hydrogen carrier gas removes a natural oxide film on silicon and keeps its surface clean, thereby preventing surface segregation of impurities such as boron.

Generally, a temperature of not lower than 600° C. is needed to decompose gas. For example, “Silicon Technology No. 39 18^(th) Jun., 2002” discloses as an experimental result that a shallow junction of high concentration is formed by heating a semiconductor substrate at 900° C. and supplying B₂H₆ gas of 1 ppm for 40 seconds. According to this experimental result, a depth that boron concentration becomes 1×10¹⁸ cm⁻³ is defined as a depth of a junction, and the depth of the junction is approximately 7 nm which is the same level as that described above.

Yet further, “International Workshop on Junction Technology (IWJT), p.39-40 (2002)” discloses a technology that the vapor-phase doping methods are executed at room temperature. These are methods that when material is introduced into a solid substrate where a film such as an oxide adheres to its surface, desired particles are stuck or introduced after removing the film such as the oxide. According to the report, a depth of an impurity-introducing layer is 3-4 nm.

As discussed above, by using the plasma-doping technique or the low-energy ion implantation technique, the experiments for forming shallow junctions of over 10 nm to several 10 nm have been recently reported. The current experiment achieving the shallowest P-type junction forms a shallow impurity layer of approximately 7 nm. However, according to progress to further miniaturization of devices, a method for forming shallower impurity layers more simply with low resistance is required.

As a technology for meeting the need mentioned above, because the plasma-doping technique can introduce particles into a semiconductor substrate with small accelerating energy, the plasma-doping technique can form introducing layers shallower than the ion implantation technique. However, though it is small energy, it has accelerating energy, so that there is a limit to form shallower.

In addition, the plasma-doping is known that a radical is supplied to a substrate as dopant. Because a radical does not have an electric charge, it is not accelerated and struck into the substrate. However, it is thought that because it is active, it reacts to a surface of the substrate and is introduced into the substrate. The vapor-phase doping method using a gas source is a technology that an impurity-diffusion layer is formed by supplying dopant, which does not have accelerating energy, into the substrate and reacting its surface. These are positioned as a technology exceeding a limit of a method for irradiating ions having energy onto the substrate.

However, as mentioned above, because the vapor-phase doping method using a gas source decomposes gas, a temperature of not lower than 600° C. has been generally needed. Photoresist can not be used as mask material at such a high temperature. Therefore, SiO₂ or the like is needed to be formed and patterned by using a CVD method or the like, thereby increasing processes for forming transistors.

Furthermore, in a case where dopant, which does not have accelerating energy, such as radical or gas molecule in the plasma-doping technique or the vapor-phase doping method, or dopant having extremely small accelerating energy is introduced into the substrate, it is difficult to form an impurity layer of high concentration for a short time.

According to the vapor-phase doping method adapting a method that desired particles are stuck or introduced after removing the film such as the oxide, an impurity layer of high concentration can be formed at room temperature. However, a method for controlling dose amount has not been proposed.

Conventionally, a method for ion-implanting germanium or silicon is known as a technology for making crystal silicon of the semiconductor substrate amorphous. A process for ion-implanting germanium or silicon into a silicon substrate and making its surface amorphous, then ion-implanting impurities such as boron, and then annealing is widely used. The following advantages of making amorphous before ion-implanting impurities are known: 1) Small impurities such as boron are difficult to be introduced deeply in ion-implanting; 2) Impurities can be activated efficiently in annealing because amorphous silicon has a higher absorption coefficient of light than crystal silicon. However, amorphism by using ion-implantimg does not have enough efficiency for forming a shallow amorphous layer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method for introducing impurities of the present invention includes:

a step for forming an amorphous layer at a surface of a solid substrate such as a semiconductor substrate; and

a step for forming a shallow impurity-introducing layer at the solid substrate which has been made amorphous,

where the step for forming the amorphous layer is a step for irradiating plasma to the surface of the solid substrate, and

the step for forming the shallow impurity-introducing layer is a step for introducing impurities into the surface which has been made amorphous.

The present invention further includes an annealing step for electrically activating the impurities after introducing the impurities.

In addition, an apparatus for introducing impurities includes at least:

an apparatus for making a surface of a solid substrate amorphous;

an apparatus for introducing desired particles to be impurities; and

an anneal apparatus for activating the impurities introduced.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an essential part of an apparatus in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows a result of a sectional TEM observation of a substrate in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows plasma irradiation bias voltage dependence of a thickness of an amorphous layer in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 shows a result of RHEED observation of the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows a result of RHEED observation of a comparative example.

FIG. 6 shows sheet resistance in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention and that of a comparative example.

FIG. 7 shows plasma irradiation time dependence of sheet resistance in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 shows bias voltage dependence of sheet resistance in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 shows a relation between sheet resistance and a thickness of an amorphous layer in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 shows a result of a TEM observation of a silicon substrate after irradiating helium plasma in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a view showing an optical absorption coefficient on a surface of a silicon substrate affected by mixture ratio of B₂H₆ gas to He gas.

FIG. 12 shows a SIMS profile of boron affected by existence or nonexistence of amorphism by irradiating helium plasma.

FIG. 13 is a view comparing a SIMS profile of boron in an eighth embodiment (He—PA+PD) with that in a comparative example (Ge PAI+BF2 I/I).

FIG. 14 shows a SIMS profile of boron before and after annealing with a flash lamp.

FIG. 15 is a view comparing depth Xj of a junction and sheet resistance Rs in an eighth embodiment (He—PA+PD+FLA-1) with that in a comparative example (Ge PAI+I/I+FLA-2).

FIG. 16 shows a SIMS profile of helium before and after annealing with a flash lamp.

FIG. 17 shows a SIMS profile of hydrogen before and after annealing with a flash lamp.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

A method for introducing impurities of the present invention is characterized in that after an amorphous layer is formed or while an amorphous layer is formed at a surface of a solid substrate by irradiating plasma to a surface of a solid substrate, desired particles to be impurities are infiltrated, stuck or introduced (hereinafter referred to as “introduced”). By forming the amorphous layer, the desired particles are easy to be introduced into the solid substrate. In addition, in a case where it is adapted to a silicon substrate which is one of the solid substrates, amorphous silicon has a higher absorption coefficient of light than crystal silicon, so that impurities can be activated efficiently in annealing by forming the amorphous layer on the surface, and a low resistance Ultra-Shallow Junction can be realized.

In a case where an ultra-shallow amorphous layer is formed at the surface of the solid substrate, it is preferable to select a means for irradiating plasma to the surface of the solid substrate. Because it uses low-energy plasma compared with conventional amorphism by using an ion implantation technique, shallow amorphous layer is efficiently formed. In a case where only effect that impurities are easily introduced as an extremely low-energy state of gas or radical is desired to be used among effects of an amorphous layer, an amorphous layer can be formed by at least one means selected from a means for irradiating plasma to the surface of the solid substrate, a means for implanting ions to the surface of the solid substrate and a means for adding amorphous layer to the surface of the solid substrate. Less than 70 seconds is preferable as a time for irradiating plasma to the surface of the solid substrate for realizing fine throughputs. Besides, implanting Ge ions is preferable as ion implantation because improvement of electric characteristics is expected.

As the method for introducing impurities, gas or plasma including desired particles is preferably contacted with the surface which has been made amorphous, and infiltrated, stuck or introduced into the surface or neighborhoods of the solid substrate. This is because shallow impurity layers can be formed easily by contacting particles, which do not have accelerating energy or have extremely small accelerating energy, such as gas or plasma. Specifically, plasma, radical, gas, extremely low-energy ions or the like are used. As a concrete name of the method for introducing impurities, it is called gas-doping in a case where it is introduced as a gas condition, and it is called plasma-doping in a case where plasma is contacted with the surface of the solid substrate. In a case where amorphous is formed by using ion implantation technique, it can be efficiently annealed, and impurities can be introduced with extremely small energy. By using these effects, novelty is exhibited. Specifically, in a case where amorphous is formed by using ion implantation technique, a method for contacting gas with the surface of the solid substrate is used as introducing impurities. By using this method, an extremely shallow impurity layer can be formed.

A method for introducing impurities by controlling and adjusting dose amount and a depth of a junction by controlling and adjusting a thickness of the surface of the solid substrate to be made amorphous or a level of amorphism is preferable because sheet resistance can be controlled easily, and device characteristics can be also controlled easily. Specifically, controlling and adjusting of the thickness of the surface of the solid substrate to be made amorphous or a level of amorphism can be performed by changing bias voltage, irradiating time, bias power, ionic species or sheath voltage related to plasma for irradiating the surface of the solid substrate.

Plasma preferably includes rare gas (e.g., argon, neon or helium) or hydrogen. It is thought that rare gas is chemically stable and difficult to undergo chemical reaction, so that a rate for restraining surface adsorption between the desired particles and the surface of the solid substrate is low. As a result, in addition to an effect of introducing impurities by amorphism, an effect of introducing impurities by surface adsorption is expected. Besides, helium, neon and hydrogen have high diffusion coefficients at a high temperature, and do not remain largely at the surface after annealing, so that they are preferable because they rarely adversely affect electrically. Helium is particularly preferable because it has both characteristics (i.e., chemical stability and high diffusion coefficients at a high temperature).

An apparatus for introducing impurities of the present invention includes at least an apparatus for making a surface of a solid substrate amorphous, an apparatus for introducing desired particles, and an apparatus for activating the desired introduced impurities. Therefore, processes of the present invention can be performed.

In addition, combining or integrating at least two apparatuses of an apparatus for making a surface of a solid substrate amorphous, an apparatus for introducing desired particles, and an apparatus for activating the introduced desired impurities is preferable, because the apparatus can be downsized and productivity can be improved.

Furthermore, a method for forming an impurity layer, which is capable of forming extremely shallow impurity layers of high concentration for a short time, capable of controlling dose amount easier than a conventional method, and capable of lowering sheet resistance after annealing, can be provided.

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are demonstrated hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, however, this invention is not limited to the following embodiments.

FIG. 1 shows apparatus 100 used in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Apparatus 100 includes high frequency power supply 1, matching box 2, coil and antenna 3, massflow controllers 4 and 5, turbo molecular pump 6, conductance valve 7, dry-sealed vacuum pump 8, circulator 9, DC power supply 10, matching box 11, high frequency power supply 12 and lower electrode 14. Object 13 to be processed such as silicon substrate is disposed on lower electrode 14.

In FIG. 1, silicon substrate 13 is conveyed into process chamber 15 and disposed on lower electrode 14. Introducing pipe 16 for rare gas and introducing pipe 17 for diborane gas are individually coupled with process chamber 15. Rare gas is used for making the surface of the silicon substrate amorphous by irradiating rare gas plasma to the surface. Diborane gas is made to be plasma state and used for plasma-doping, or introduced into process chamber 15 just as it is and used for gas-doping. A gas flow rate can be controlled individually with massflow controllers 4 and 5.

The following embodiments discuss amorphism of a surface of a solid substrate. However, this invention is not limited to the following embodiments, and it is also adapted to a thin film formed on a solid substrate.

FIRST EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT

A process for forming an amorphous layer by irradiating plasma is discussed in detail in the first embodiment.

In process chamber 15, a silicon substrate as object 13 to be processed is irradiated with plasma.

Argon, helium or mixed gas of helium of 99.975% and diborane of 0.025% in volume ratio is used.

First, a silicon substrate is irradiated with argon plasma. Plasma irradiating time of 5 seconds to 60 seconds, and bias voltage of 30V to 310V are used as plasma irradiating condition. Irradiating plasma is stopped, an inside of process chamber 15 is evacuated and then, purged with nitrogen gas. After that, the substrate is removed from process chamber 15. A section of the removed substrate is observed by TEM. FIG. 2 is a sectional TEM image after irradiating argon plasma at 180V of bias voltage for 5 seconds of plasma irradiating time. It shows that amorphous layer 22 of 4.3 nm thickness is formed on silicon substrate 21.

Formation of an amorphous layer can be realized even in a case of using helium plasma. The case of using helium plasma is discussed in a second embodiment.

Still further, irradiating plasma is performed by using mixed gas of helium of 99.975% in volume ratio and diborane of 0.025% at bias voltage of 100V for 60 seocnds. A thickness of the amorphous layer is 10 nm. Dose amount of boron is 7.3×10^(l4) cm⁻² which is measured by SIMS. As discussed above, forming the amorphous layer and introducing impurities can be performed at the same time.

SECOND EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT

Controlling of a thickness of an amorphous layer in irradiating plasma for making amorphous is discussed in the second embodiment.

In process chamber 15, a silicon substrate as object 13 to be processed is irradiated with plasma of helium gas of 100% helium gas concentration. Plasma irradiating time varies to 7 seconds and 30 seconds, and bias voltage varies from 30V to 310V as plasma irradiating condition. A thickness of the amorphous layer of the substrate removed from process chamber 15 is measured with an ellipsometry. FIG. 3 shows relation between bias voltages and the thicknesses of the amorphous layers. It is realized that the amorphous layer of 2 nm to 22 nm can be formed for a short time within 30 seconds by irradiating plasma. In addition, the thickness of the amorphous layer can be controlled by changing the bias voltage. Furthermore, the thickness of the amorphous layer can be changed by changing the time for irradiating plasma.

THIRD EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT

The third embodiment shows examples that the method for introducing impurities of the present invention is adapted to gas-doping. In a case where impurities are introduced by gas-doping, difference of sheet resistance depending on existence or nonexistence of an amorphous layer is examined. Effects that impurities are easily introduced with extremely low energy and low resistance state can be formed after annealing caused by amorphism are described hereinafter.

In process chamber 15, a silicon substrate as object 13 to be processed is irradiated with plasma of argon gas. Plasma irradiating time is 5 seconds and bias voltage is 160V as plasma irradiating condition. Irradiating plasma is stopped, an inside of process chamber 15 is evacuated and then, B₂H₆ gas is contacted with a surface of the substrate for 70 seconds. After 70 seconds, supply of B₂H₆ gas is stopped, the inside of process chamber 15 is evacuated and then, purged with nitrogen gas. After that, the substrate is removed from process chamber 15.

The removed substrate is annealed at 1100° C. for 3 minutes, and then sheet resistance is measured by using a four probe method. In addition, a substrate which is processed with only plasma irradiation is observed by RHEED, and measured by an ellipsometry in thickness or the like. RHEED stands for Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction.

FIG. 4 shows a result of surface observation by RHEED. As shown in FIG. 4, a bright point which is peculiar to crystal is not observed. It is realized that the surface of the substrate becomes amorphous state by irradiating plasma. Sheet resistance is 5.1E3 ohm/sq.

Yet further, the same experience is performed in a plasma irradiating condition that plasma irradiating time varies from 5 seconds to 70 seconds, and bias voltage varies from 45V to 210V. In all conditions, the surfaces of the substrates become amorphous state. At this time, sheet resistance ranges not lower than 6.5E2 ohm/sq and not higher than 5.1E3 ohm/sq.

FIG. 6 shows difference of sheet resistance depending on existence or nonexistence of an amorphous layer. A white circle (∘) denotes the results of measurement of sheet resistance, where amorphism is performed, of the present invention. A black circle (●) denotes the results of a comparative example where amorphism is not performed. Sheet resistance of the present embodiment is smaller than that of a comparative example by single digit to two digits. It is thought that by forming the amorphous layer, B₂H₆ gas is easily introduced into the substrate without accelerating energy, and the substrate efficiently absorbs light used for annealing, so that sheet resistance is extremely reduced.

FOURTH EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT

The fourth embodiment examines difference of sheet resistance depending on existence or nonexistence of an amorphous layer in a case where a method for introducing impurities is performed by using plasma-doping. Though a depth of a junction after annealing is the same, low resistance can be realized by making amorphous.

For making a surface of a silicon substrate amorphous, in process chamber 15, the silicon substrate as object 13 to be processed is irradiated with plasma of helium gas of 100% helium gas concentration. Plasma irradiating time is 7 seconds and bias voltage is 150V as plasma irradiating condition. Irradiating plasma is stopped, and an inside of process chamber 15 is evacuated. After that, for plasma-doping, it is irradiated with plasma of 5 volume % B₂H₆ gas, which has been diluted with helium gas, at bias voltage of 200V for 7 seconds. Irradiating plasma is stopped, the inside of process chamber 15 is evacuated and then, purged with nitrogen gas. After that, the substrate is removed from process chamber 15. Then, for activating the impurities electrically, it is annealed by using spike rapid thermal anneal (spike RTA) whose rate of temperature increasing of 200° C./second, rate of temperature decreasing of 50° C./second, and highest ultimate temperature of 1000° C. Sheet resistance and SIMS profiles of the sample produced discussed above are measured.

Sheet resistance of the sample is 635 ohm/sq. In SIMS profiles, if a depth where boron concentration becomes 1×10¹⁸ cm⁻³ is defined as a depth of a junction, the depth of the junction is 27.2 nm. On the other hand, a sample, which is produced without amorphism in a manner that other conditions are the same, has sheet resistance of 923 ohm/sq and depth of the junction of 28.1 nm. This is discussed in detail in comparative example 2. In a word, by making amorphous using helium plasma irradiation, 30% or lower resistance can be realized in spite of substantially the same depth of the junction.

FIFTH EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT

The fifth embodiment examines relation between plasma irradiation time and sheet resistance. FIG. 7 shows the results.

In process chamber 15, a silicon substrate as object 13 to be processed is irradiated with plasma of argon gas. Plasma irradiating time varies from 5 seconds to 70 seconds as plasma irradiating condition. It is performed by two conditions of bias voltages of 45V (shown at X) and 160V (shown at ▪). Processes after irradiating plasma are the same conditions. In other words, irradiating plasma is stopped, an inside of process chamber 15 is evacuated and then, B₂H₆ gas is contacted with a surface of the substrate for 70 seconds. After 70 seconds, supply of B₂H₆ gas is stopped, the inside of process chamber 15 is evacuated and then, purged with nitrogen gas. After that, the substrate is removed from process chamber 15. The removed substrate is annealed at 1100° C. for 3 minutes, and then sheet resistance is measured by using a four probe method.

In both cases of bias voltages of 45V and 160V, sheet resistance is reduced according as plasma irradiation time is lengthened. From this result, it is realized that sheet resistance can be controlled by changing plasma irradiation time.

In addition, the experimental result mentioned above shows that dose amount increases according as plasma irradiation time is lengthened. It is thought that according as plasma irradiation time is lengthened, degree of amorphism is advanced and introducing amount of B₂H₆ gas to the substrate increases.

SIXTH EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT

The sixth embodiment examines relation between bias voltage and sheet resistance. FIG. 8 shows the results. Samples are produced in conditions that argon plasma irradiating time is 70 seconds, bias voltage varies to 45V (sample 1), 160V (sample 2) and 210V (sample 3), and other conditions are the same. Conditions which are not particularly described here are the same as the fifth embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 8, sheet resistance decreases according as an absolute value of the bias voltage increases. As a result, sheet resistance of sample 2 and sample 3 decreases not higher than 1.0E3 ohm/sq.

Therefore, it is realized that sheet resistance can be controlled by changing bias voltage.

In addition, the experimental result mentioned above shows that dose amount increases according as the absolute value of bias voltage increases. It is thought that according as the absolute value of bias voltage increases, degree of amorphism is advanced and introducing amount of B₂H₆ gas to the substrate increases.

SEVENTH EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT

The seventh embodiment examines relation between a thickness of an amorphous layer and sheet resistance. FIG. 9 shows the results. A thickness of an amorphous layer of a horizontal axis is a thickness of an amorphous layer formed at a surface of a substrate of samples 1-3 produced in the sixth embodiment and measured with an ellipsometry. A data of an amorphous layer thickness of zero is a result of measurement of a silicon substrate as a comparative example.

As shown in FIG. 9, sample 1 has approximately 2 nm thickness of the amorphous layer, and samples 2 and 3 have approximately 3 nm thickness thereof. Sheet resistance decreases according as the thickness of the amorphous layer increases. From this result, it is realized that sheet resistance can be controlled by changing the thickness of the amorphous layer. Besides, it is realized that degree of amorphism discussed in the fifth and sixth embodiments can be exhibited as the thickness of the amorphous layer.

In addition, the experimental result mentioned above shows that dose amount increases according as the thickness of the amorphous layer increases. It shows that according as the thickness of the amorphous layer increases, introducing amount of B₂H₆ gas to the substrate increases.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1

Comparative example 1 is executed in the same conditions as the third, fifth, sixth and seventh embodiment excluding that it is not made amorphous by irradiating plasma. Comparative example 1 is related to gas-doping and corresponds to the third embodiment. A silicon substrate is conveyed into process chamber 15, an inside of process chamber 15 is evacuated and then, B₂H₆ gas is contacted with a surface of the substrate for 70 seconds.

After 70 seconds, supply of B₂H₆ gas is stopped, the inside of process chamber 15 is evacuated and then, purged with nitrogen gas. After that, the substrate is removed from process chamber 15. The removed substrate is annealed at 1100° C. for 3 minutes, and then sheet resistance is measured by using a four probe method. Further, dose amount of boron is measured by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (hereinafter referred to as “SIMS”). Still further, the surface of the silicon substrate is observed and measured by RHEED and an ellipsometry before introducing process chamber 15.

FIG. 5 shows a result of surface observation of the silicon substrate of the comparative example by RHEED. Bright points are observed at an upper side of an image shown in FIG. 5, and it is confirmed that they are crystal. Besides, an amorphous layer is not confirmed at the surface even by measurement using the ellipsometry.

In addition, sheet resistance is 1.7E5 ohm/sq. This is larger than the sheet resistance of the present embodiment by single digit or more. From a result of measurement of SIMS, dose amount of boron is 2E12 cm⁻². It shows that impurities are hardly introduced.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2

Comparative example 2 is executed in the same conditions as the fourth embodiment excluding that it is not made amorphous by irradiating plasma. A silicon substrate as object 13 to be processed is conveyed into process chamber 15. After that, for plasma-doping, it is irradiated with plasma of 5 volume % B₂H₆ gas, which has been diluted with helium gas, at bias voltage of 200V for 7 seconds. Irradiating plasma is stopped, the inside of process chamber 15 is evacuated and then, purged with nitrogen gas. After that, the substrate is removed from process chamber 15. Then, for activating the impurities electrically, it is annealed by using spike RTA whose rate of temperature increasing of 200° C./second, rate of temperature decreasing of 50° C./second, and highest ultimate temperature of 1000° C. Sheet resistance and SIMS profiles of a sample produced discussed above are measured.

The sample has sheet resistance of 923 ohm/sq and a depth of a junction of 28.1 nm. This sheet resistance is higher than that in the third embodiment which is made amorphous by 30% or more.

According to the present embodiment, amorphism of a surface of a solid substrate is discussed. However, the surface of the solid substrate of the present invention includes a surface of a thin film formed on the substrate as well as the surface of the substrate itself. Accordingly, amorphism at the surface of the thin film formed on the solid substrate is included in the present invention.

As discussed above, the method for introducing impurities of the present embodiment can form an extremely shallow impurity layer at room temperature for a short time. Therefore, an active device (e.g., semiconductor, liquid crystal or biotip) or a passive device (e.g., resistance, coil or capacitor) can be easily produced.

EIGHTH EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT

Silicon substrate 81 is irradiated with helium plasma in a condition that bias voltage is 75V, irradiating time is 7 seconds, source power is 1500 W and pressure is 0.9 Pa.

FIG. 10 shows a sectional TEM image of surface 80 of silicon substrate 81 after irradiating the helium plasma. It is realized that amorphous layer 82 is formed thereon.

The present invention is characterized in that even when a chemical element having small atomic weigh such as helium is used, an amorphous layer can be formed on a surface of a silicon substrate for a short time. On the other hand, ion implantation technique, which is a conventional technique, can not form an amorphous layer even if helium ions are implanted for a long time (e.g., a day).

A silicon substrate is irradiated with plasma, where mixture ratio of B₂H₆ gas to helium gas is changed, in a condition that bias voltage is 100V, irradiating time is 7 seconds, source power is 1500 W and pressure is 0.9 Pa.

FIG. 11 is a view showing an optical absorption coefficient on a surface of silicon substrate 81 affected by volume mixing ratio of B₂H₆ gas to He gas. The optical absorption coefficient is measured at a wavelength of 460 nm. The optical absorption coefficient of crystal silicon is originally not higher than 4×10⁴ cm⁻¹. However, the optical absorption coefficient can be improved to 1×10⁵ cm⁻¹ or higher by irradiating mixed gas plasma of B₂H₆ gas and helium gas (B₂H₆ of 5% or less, and He of 95% or more). This shows that the surface of silicon substrate 81 begins to be amorphous. In a word, by using mixed gas plasma of B₂H₆ of 5% or less and He of 95% or more in volume ratio, the surface of silicon substrate 81 can be made amorphous at the same time boron is plasma-doped.

The optical absorption coefficient increases by increasing the mixture ratio of helium. This is because an effect of amorphism by helium becomes dominant. Therefore, the optical absorption coefficient reaches the highest in a case of irradiating plasma composed of only helium. A state near perfect amorphous silicon can be formed. Helium plasma is preferably used from this reason mentioned above.

Silicon substrate 81 is plasma-doped with mixed gas plasma of B₂H₆ and helium (B₂H₆ plasma doping,or B₂H₆—PD) in a condition that mixture ratio of B₂H₆ gas to He gas is 5% to 95% in volume ratio, bias voltage is 100V, source power is 1000 W and pressure is 0.9 Pa and doping time is 7 seconds. Amorphism is performed to one sample by irradiating helium plasma (helium plasma amorphization, or He—PA) before B₂H₆—PD. He—PA is not performed to the other sample. FIG. 12 shows a depth profile of boron immediately after B₂H₆—PD (as-doped). A case where only B₂H₆—PD is performed and a case where He—PA is performed as its preprocessing are compared. A horizontal axis is a depth from the surface of silicon, and a vertical axis is concentration of boron. It is realized that boron can be introduced into a depth range of 10 nm from a top surface in higher concentration in the case where He—PA is performed compared with the case where He—PA is not performed. In addition, abruptness of the profile becomes sharp by performing He—PA. As discussed above, by performing He—PA, the remarkable effect is obtained that boron can be introduced into a shallow part of the silicon substrate in higher concentration and a sharp profile can be obtained. When the profile becomes sharp, there is an effect that minute drain current of MOSFET increases.

FIG. 13 is a view comparing a SIMS profile of boron in a case of the present embodiment where B₂H₆—PD is performed after He—PA with that in a case of the comparative example where boron is implanted by ion-implanting BF2 after amorphism by ion-implanting Ge. According to the present embodiment, an effect is obtained that boron can be introduced into a depth range of 10 nm from a top surface in higher concentration. Furthermore, abruptness of the present embodiment is 1.5 nm/dec which is the highest level in the world. The present embodiment has the remarkable effect that abruptness is also excellent.

B₂H₆—PD is performed after He—PA, and then it is heat-treated with a flash lamp. FIG. 14 shows a SIMS profile of boron before and after heat-treatment with the flash lamp. Depth Xj of a junction is defined as a depth where boron concentration becomes 5×10¹⁸ cm⁻³. FIG. 14 shows Xj of 9.1 nm, so that it is realized that it is extremely shallow. At this time, sheet resistance of an extension electrode is 1000 ohm/sq, so that practical low resistance can be realized as well as shallowness. Xj of 9.1 nm to 14 nm and an extension electrode whose sheet resistance is 1000 ohm/sq to 385 ohm/sq can be produced by changing conditions in the same process. As shown in FIG. 15, if Xj is the same, sheet resistance can be reduced by 30% to 50% compared with white circles of sample [4], which is produced by ion-implanting. As discussed above, the present embodiment that B₂H₆—PD is performed after He—PA has the remarkable effect that Xj is 9.1 nm to 14 nm, which is extremely shallow depth of the junction, and sheet resistance can be reduced. This solves the conventional problem that when an extremely shallow junction is formed, sheet resistance increases, so that a practical extension electrode can not be formed.

In a case where amorphism is performed by helium plasma, helium is introduced into the substrate. In a case where amorphism is performed by hydrogen plasma, hydrogen is introduced into the substrate. In a case where B₂H₆—PD is performed after He—PA and in a case where amorphism is performed by mixed plasma of He and B₂H₆ in the same time of introducing boron, helium and hydrogen are introduced in addition to boron. A state of helium and hydrogen after annealing is described hereinafter.

FIG. 16 shows a SIMS profile of helium before and after annealing with a flash lamp in a case where B₂H₆ PD is performed after He—PA and then heat-treated with a flash lamp (Flash Lamp Anneal, or FLA). A background of helium measured by SIMS is 1×10¹⁸ cm⁻³. Helium concentration seems to be constant in the profile after annealing with the flash lamp, however, it is the background due to the measurement. It shows actual helium concentration is not higher than 1×10¹⁸ cm⁻³. Helium of approximately 8×10¹⁴ cm⁻³ has been certainly introduced immediately after plasma-doping. However, helium hardly exists inside the silicon substrate after annealing.

FIG. 17 shows a SIMS profile of hydrogen. A background of hydrogen measured by SIMS is 1×10¹⁹ cm⁻³. Hydrogen of high concentration seems to remain at approximately 1 nm from a top surface after annealing. It is thought that material, which is adsorbed to silicon in a hydroxyl-group form at the top, is measured so as to be struck into the inside of the silicon substrate by oxygen ions used in SIMS measurement, so that hydrogen does not remain at the inside. It shows actual hydrogen concentration is not higher than 1×10¹⁹ cm⁻³. As discussed above, hydrogen hardly exists inside the silicon substrate after annealing.

It is thought that H or He is extremely small atom (its atomic weight is smaller than boron) and its diffusion coefficient in the silicon is higher than boron by several digits, so that it is passed outside the silicon substrate as gas or largely diffused in a depth direction and diluted in low concentration. As shown in FIG. 14, boron is hardly diffused and remains the shallow part of the silicon substrate even after annealing, and has an effect of lowering electric resistance. On the other hand, as shown in FIGS. 16 and 17, impurities excepting boron (i.e., H and He) do not exist at least in high concentration after annealing. Therefore, it is preferable because they hardly have an adverse effect electrically.

As discussed above, amorphism performed by helium plasma or hydrogen plasma has an effect that helium or hydrogen hardly remains inside the silicon substrate, so that they hardly have an adverse effect electrically. This effect can not be obtained by conventional amorphism performed by ion implantation technique of germanium, silicon or argon. This is because an ion having great atomic weight is required to be used for making amorphous by ion implantation technique. In a word, if a chemical element having great atomic weight is not used, amorphism can not be performed. However, it is well known that a chemical element having great atomic weight has a small diffusion coefficient, so that it remains inside the silicon substrate even after annealing. As mentioned above, according to amorphism performed by ion implantation technique, in a case where a chemical element having a great diffusion coefficient is used, amorphism itself can not be performed, and in a case where a chemical element (i.e., germanium, silicon or argon) which is presently disclosed to be capable of making amorphous is used, the used chemical element remains inside the silicon substrate after annealing. Accordingly, it does not have the effect which the present invention has.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

As discussed above, the present invention provides a method for forming an impurity layer, which is capable of forming extremely shallow impurity layers of high concentration at room temperature for a short time, capable of controlling dose amount easily, and capable of lowering sheet resistance after annealing. 

1. A method for introducing impurities comprising: a first step for forming an amorphous layer at a surface of a solid substrate; and a second step for forming a shallow inipurity-introducing layer at the solid substrate which has been made amorphous, wherein the first step is a step for irradiating plasma, which is composed of at least one material selected from the group consisting of rare gas and hydrogen, to the surface of the solid substrate, and the second step is a step for introducing impurities into the surface of the solid substrate which has been made amorphous.
 2. The method for introducing impurities of claim 1, wherein the second step is a step for plasma-doping impurities.
 3. The method for introducing impurities of claim 1, wherein the second step is a step for ion-implanting impurities.
 4. The method for introducing impurities of claim 1, wherein the second step is a step for gas-doping impurities.
 5. The method for introducing impurities of claim 1 further comprising: an annealing step after the second step, wherein the annealing step is a step for activating the impurities.
 6. The method for introducing impurities of claim 1, wherein the first step is performed before the second step, or the first step is performed at the same time as the second step.
 7. The method for introducing impurities of claim 1, wherein the first step and the second step are performed in the same process chamber as sequential processes in-situ.
 8. The method for introducing impurities of claim 1, wherein the first step is a step for irradiating plasma to the surface of the solid substrate or adding the amorphous layer at the surface of the solid substrate.
 9. The method for introducing impurities of claim 8, wherein the solid substrate is silicon, and the first step is a step for controlling a thickness of the amorphous layer by changing at least one condition of bias voltage, irradiating time, bias power, ionic species and sheath voltage related to plasma for irradiating the surface of the solid substrate.
 10. The method for introducing impurities of claim 9, wherein the irradiating time of the plasma is not shorter than 5 seconds and shorter than 70 seconds.
 11. The method for introducing impurities of claim 1, wherein the first step is a step for implanting an ion to the surface of the solid substrate, and the second step is a step for introducing impurities into the surface of the solid substrate, which has been made amorphous, by using gas-doping.
 12. The method for introducing impurities of claim 11, wherein the ion for implanting is at least one ion selected from the group consisting of Si and Ge.
 13. The method for introducing impurities of claim 1, wherein the second step is a step for contacting gas or plasma including a desired particle with the amorphous layer, and the particle is introduced into the surface of the solid substrate as the impurities.
 14. The method for introducing impurities of claim 1, wherein the desired particle is introduced as a state of plasma, radical, gas or ion at the second step.
 15. A method for introducing impurities comprising: a step for irradiating plasma, which is composed of at least one material selected from the group consisting of rare gas and hydrogen, to a surface of a solid substrate for not shorter than 5 seconds and shorter than 70 seconds; and an impurity-introducing step for contacting at least one material selected from the group consisting of gas, plasma, radical and ion including a desired particle with a surface of a solid substrate.
 16. The method for introducing impurities of claim 15, wherein the irradiating step is a step for controlling an amount of impurities, which is introduced to the surface of the solid substrate, by changing at least one condition of bias voltage, irradiating time, bias power, ionic species and sheath voltage related to plasma for irradiating the surface of the solid substrate.
 17. The method for introducing impurities of claim 15 further comprising: an annealing step after the impurity-introducing step, wherein the annealing step is a step for activating the impurities.
 18. The method for introducing impurities of claim 1, wherein the first step is a step for making a surface of a crystal silicon amorphous by irradiating plasma of rare gas or hydrogen whose diffusion coefficient is higher than that of argon.
 19. The method for introducing impurities of claim 18, wherein the rare gas is helium.
 20. The method for introducing impurities of claim 18, wherein the rare gas is neon.
 21. An apparatus for introducing impurities comprising: a first apparatus for forming an amorphous layer at a surface of a solid substrate by irradiating plasma, which is composed of at least one material selected from the group consisting of rare gas and hydrogen; a second apparatus for introducing a desired particle into the surface of the solid substrate; and a third apparatus for annealing to activate the desired particle introduced, wherein the forming of the amorphous layer at the surface of the solid substrate and the introducing of the desired particle to the amorphous layer can be executed sequentially or at the same time.
 22. The apparatus for introducing impurities of claim 21, wherein at least two apparatuses of the first apparatus, the second apparatus and the third apparatus are combined or integrated. 